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Cost of Equity

Required rate of return demanded by equity investors.

cost_of_equityAlso: Re

Definition

Cost of Equity represents the return that equity investors require to compensate for the risk of investing in a particular company. It is typically calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which relates expected return to systematic (market) risk measured by beta.

Why It Matters

Cost of Equity is a key input to WACC and directly affects enterprise value. Higher risk companies have higher cost of equity, reducing valuation.

Formula

= Rf + β × (Rm - Rf)

Risk-free rate plus beta times equity risk premium.

Mathematical Notation
R_e = R_f + \beta \times (R_m - R_f)

Alternative Approaches

Build-up Method= Rf + ERP + Size_Premium + Company_Specific_Risk

For private companies or when beta is unreliable

Fama-French Three Factor= Rf + β_m(Rm - Rf) + β_s(SMB) + β_v(HML)

Academic or sophisticated institutional analysis

Typical Ranges

startup
18%–30%
growth
12%–18%
mature
8%–12%

Industry-Specific Ranges

Technology12%–16%
Utilities6%–8%
Banks9%–12%

Best Practices

Use 10-year or 20-year government bond yield for risk-free rate. Beta should be levered to reflect company's capital structure. ERP typically 4-6% for US equities.

Common Mistakes

  • Using raw beta instead of adjusted beta
  • Mismatching risk-free rate duration with investment horizon
  • Double-counting risk in beta and specific risk premium
  • Using historical ERP during unusual market conditions

Pro Tips

  • For private companies, use comparable public company betas and unlever/relever
  • Consider Blume adjustment for beta (0.67 × Raw + 0.33 × 1.0)
  • Document source of ERP and rationale

Dependencies

Affects (Variables that depend on this)

Audit & Governance

Risk Level
High
Approval Required
manager
Sensitivity
internal
Track Changes
Yes

Learning Path

beginner

Cost of Equity is the return investors expect for taking the risk of owning stock. Riskier companies must offer higher expected returns.

intermediate

CAPM is the standard approach. Master the three inputs: risk-free rate, beta, and equity risk premium. Each requires careful sourcing.

advanced

Consider size premium for small caps and company-specific risk for private companies. Build-up method may be more appropriate than CAPM in some cases.

Used in Models

This variable is a key driver in the following financial models:

Related Variables in valuation-inputs